Arduino Language

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Arduino Language
The Arduino Language is the set of words, expressions and rules that are used to create Arduino Sketches.

The Arduino Language is based on C and C++

The Arduino Language allows for the use of any functions from the 'AVR Libc' which is a subset of the standard C library for Atmel AVR 8-bit RISC micro-controllers

The language is made up of keywords that are written based on rules.


Arduino Keywords
The keywords used to create the sketches can be divided into three types- Functions ,Structures and Values ( Values can be either Constants or Variables).

Below are a non-exhaustive list of standard Arduino sketch words, to add words, new libraries can be imported into the IDE.


Functions
Functions are small groups of code that do a single task or group of tasks (they have one function). 
They include
Category Keyword
Digital I/O 
pinMode()
digitalWrite()
digitalRead()
Analog I/O 
analogReference()
analogRead()
analogWrite() - PWM
Due & Zero only 
analogReadResolution()
analogWriteResolution()
Advanced I/O 
tone()
noTone()
shiftOut()
shiftIn()
pulseIn()
Time 
millis()
micros()
delay()
delayMicroseconds()
Math 
min()
max()
abs()
constrain()
map()
pow()
sqrt()
Trigonometry 
sin()
cos()
tan()
Characters 
isAlphaNumeric()
isAlpha()
isAscii()
isWhitespace()
isControl()
isDigit()
isGraph()
isLowerCase()
isPrintable()
isPunct()
isSpace()
isUpperCase()
isHexadecimalDigit()
Random Numbers 
randomSeed()
random()
Bits and Bytes 
lowByte()
highByte()
bitRead()
bitWrite()
bitSet()
bitClear()
bit()
External Interrupts 
attachInterrupt()
detachInterrupt()
Interrupts 
interrupts()
noInterrupts()
Communication 
Serial
Stream
USB (32u4 based boards and Due/Zero only) 
Keyboard
Mouse

Structures  these are words used to create a flow or structure in the program. 
they include



Category Keyword
Overall Structure 
setup()
loop()
Control Structures 
if
if...else
for
switch case
while
do... 
while
break
continue
return
goto
Arithmetic Operators 
= (assignment operator)
+  (addition)
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
% (modulo)
Comparison Operators 
== (equal to)
!= (not equal to)
< (less than)
> (greater than)
<= (less than or equal to)
>= (greater than or equal to)
Boolean Operators 
&& (and)
|| (or)
! (not)
Bitwise Operators 
& (bitwise and)
| (bitwise or)
^ (bitwise xor)
~ (bitwise not)
<< (bitshift left)
>> (bitshift right)
Compound Operators 
++ (increment)
-- (decrement)
+= (compound addition)
-= (compound subtraction)
*= (compound multiplication)
/= (compound division)
%= (compound modulo)
&= (compound bitwise and)
|= (compound bitwise or)
Pointer Access Operators 
* dereference operator
& reference operator
Syntax 
; (semicolon)
{} (curly braces)
// (single line comment)
/* */ (multi-line comment)
#define
#include
Values
these act like containers and hold a certain value they may be constant which implies a container whose value that doesn't change throughout the program or a variable, which implies a container whose value that does change.



Category Keyword
Constants 
HIGH | LOW
INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP
LED_BUILTIN
true | false
integer constants
floating point constants
Data Types 
void
boolean
char
unsigned char
byte
int
unsigned int
word
long
unsigned long
short
float
double
string - char array
String - object
array
Conversion 
char()
byte()
int()
word()
long()
float()
Variable Scope & Qualifiers 
variable scope
static
volatile
const
Utilities 
sizeof()
PROGMEM

Category	Keyword
Digital I/O	pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead()
Analog I/O	analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWM
Due & Zero only	analogReadResolution() analogWriteResolution()
Advanced I/O	tone() noTone() shiftOut() shiftIn() pulseIn()
Time	millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds()
Math	min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt()
Trigonometry	sin() cos() tan()
Characters	isAlphaNumeric() isAlpha() isAscii() isWhitespace() isControl() isDigit() isGraph() isLowerCase() isPrintable() isPunct() isSpace() isUpperCase() isHexadecimalDigit()
Random Numbers	randomSeed() random()
Bits and Bytes	lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit()
External Interrupts	attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt()
Interrupts	interrupts() noInterrupts()
Communication	Serial Stream
USB (32u4 based boards and Due/Zero only)	Keyboard Mouse

Category	Keyword
Overall Structure	setup() loop()
Control Structures	if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto
Arithmetic Operators	= (assignment operator) + (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo)
Comparison Operators	== (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to)
Boolean Operators	&& (and) \|\| (or) ! (not)
Bitwise Operators	& (bitwise and) \| (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) ~ (bitwise not) << (bitshift left) >> (bitshift right)
Compound Operators	++ (increment) -- (decrement) += (compound addition) -= (compound subtraction) *= (compound multiplication) /= (compound division) %= (compound modulo) &= (compound bitwise and) \|= (compound bitwise or)
Pointer Access Operators	* dereference operator & reference operator
Syntax	; (semicolon) {} (curly braces) // (single line comment) /* */ (multi-line comment) #define #include

Category	Keyword
Constants	HIGH \| LOW INPUT \| OUTPUT \| INPUT_PULLUP LED_BUILTIN true \| false integer constants floating point constants
Data Types	void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long short float double string - char array String - object array
Conversion	char() byte() int() word() long() float()
Variable Scope & Qualifiers	variable scope static volatile const
Utilities	sizeof() PROGMEM